These predictions were based on the success of an "information processing" model of the mind, articulated by Newell and Simon in their physical symbol systems hypothesis, and later expanded into a philosophical position known as computationalism by philosophers such as Jerry Fodor and Hilary Putnam.[8] Believing that they had successfully simulated the essential process of human thought with simple programs, it seemed a short step to producing fully intelligent machines. However, Dreyfus argued that philosophy, especially 20th-century philosophy, had discovered serious problems with this information processing viewpoint. The mind, according to modern philosophy, is nothing like a digital computer.[7]
mind over machine dreyfus pdf free
Believing that students should only memorize rules has a dark side and can cause deleterious consequences. When rules are available for everything, novices can spare the effort of imagining a different way to solve an inverse problem. Hence, they would tend to proceed to solve problems in a rather mindless way. We should reflect on the fact that to learn, students need all kinds of stimuli, such as propositional from books and experience. But they also need freedom to develop the talent to produce diagnostic hypotheses by spotting, inventing, and sometimes guessing.
The understanding of the difference between the human mind and how a reasoning machine "thinks" helps to meet realistic expectations in developing Artificial Intelligence Systems. In the desire to define what computers should do, first, it needs to be clear what computers can do. In this regards, the computer is an analytic engine, so it can apply rules and make logical inferences. Clearly, at extreme speed, with high-grade accuracy, and remarkable reproducibility, but still, it follows a certain logic. It turns out that exactly this crucial difference between, perhaps perpetually limited, a "reasoning machine" and intuitive expertise of the human mind, irreducible to rules, seems to be a good starting point in finding out the balance between humans and computers. 2ff7e9595c
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